:root {
            --darkgrey: #6b6b6b;
        }
        
        * {
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
            box-sizing: border-box;
        }
        
        body {
            font-family: "Jost", "Noto Sans TC", sans-serif;
            color: #4a3520;
            font-size: 62.5%;
            line-height: 1.6;
            -webkit-font-smoothing: auto;
        }
        
        .container {
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        
        a {
            text-decoration: none;
            color: inherit;
        }
        
        .wrapper {
            position: initial;
            width: 90%;
            max-width: 1450px;
            margin: auto;
        }
        /* ===== HEADER ===== */
        
        header {
            background: #fff;
            padding: 7px 0;
        }
        
        .header-top {
            width: 100%;
            display: flex;
            align-items: flex-start;
            justify-content: space-between;
        }
        
        .logo-group {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 20px;
        }
        
        .header-logo img {
            height: 54px;
        }
        
        .cuhk-crest {
            width: 55px;
            height: auto;
        }
        
        .dept-logo {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 12px;
        }
        
        .dept-icon {
            width: 45px;
            height: 45px;
            background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, #4caf50, #1976d2);
            border-radius: 50%;
        }
        
        .dept-name {
            font-size: 1.5em;
            font-weight: 700;
            color: #003a70;
            line-height: 1.2;
        }
        
        .dept-name .cn {
            font-size: 1.3em;
            font-weight: 500;
        }
        /* header-tools now holds the tools row + menu */
        
        .header-tools {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: flex-end;
        }
        
        .tools-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 16px;
        }
        
        .search-box {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            background: #fff;
            border: 1px solid #bbb;
            padding: 3px 8px;
            width: 120px;
            background-image: url(images/search-icon-grey.png);
            background-position: right 5px center;
            background-size: 14px;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
        }
        
        .search-box input {
            border: none;
            outline: none;
            flex: 1;
            font-size: 1.4em;
            height: 20px;
            padding-right: 20px;
            background-color: transparent;
            color: #999999;
        }
        
        .font-sizes span {
            cursor: pointer;
            margin: 0 2px;
            color: var(--darkgrey);
        }
        
        .fontsize-switch.active:after {
            background-color: var(--darkgrey);
            height: 1px;
        }
        
        .fontsize-switch.small {
            font-size: 1.1em;
        }
        
        .fontsize-switch.medium {
            font-size: 1.4em;
        }
        
        .fontsize-switch.large {
            font-size: 1.7em;
        }
        
        .language-switcher,
        .fontsize-switcher {
            margin-bottom: 0;
        }
        
        .language-switcher li {
            font-size: 1.4em;
        }
        
        .language-switcher li a {
            color: var(--darkgrey);
        }
        
        .tools-row .language-switcher li:after {
            color: var(--darkgrey)!important;
        }
        
        .language-switcher li:after {
            padding-right: 4px;
            padding-left: 8px;
        }
        /* ===== MAIN MENU ===== */
        
        .menu-main-menu-container {
            padding-top: 7px;
        }
        /* top-level list */
        
        #menu-main-menu {
            display: flex;
            gap: 28px;
            list-style: none;
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu li {
            position: relative;
            font-size: 1.6em;
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu a {
            display: block;
            padding: 4px;
            padding: 4px 7px;
            overflow-wrap: break-word;
            font-weight: 400;
            color: var(--darkgrey);
            transition: color 0.2s;
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu a:hover {
            color: #d35400;
        }
        /* ----- arrow indicator for items with children ----- */
        
        .arrow-btn {
            display: inline-block;
            margin-left: 4px;
            font-size: 11px;
            color: var(--darkgrey);
            cursor: pointer;
            width: auto;
            top: 7px;
            right: -11px;
            transition: transform 0.2s;
        }
        /* ===== SUB-MENU (dropdown) ===== */
        
        .sub-menu {
            list-style: none;
            position: absolute;
            top: 100%;
            left: 0;
            min-width: 225px;
            background: #fff;
            box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
            border-top: 3px solid #d35400;
            padding: 6px 0;
            opacity: 0;
            visibility: hidden;
            transform: translateY(10px);
            transition: opacity 0.25s, transform 0.25s, visibility 0.25s;
            z-index: 103;
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>.sub-menu {
            opacity: 1;
            visibility: visible;
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children:last-child>.sub-menu {
            left: unset;
            right: 0;
        }
        /* show first-level dropdown on hover */
        
        #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>.sub-menu {
            opacity: 1;
            visibility: visible;
            transform: translateY(0);
        }
        /* sub-menu items */
        
        .sub-menu li {
            width: 100%;
        }
        
        .sub-menu a {
            padding: 9px 20px;
            font-size: 14px;
            color: #444;
            white-space: normal;
            line-height: 1.35;
        }
        
        .sub-menu a:hover {
            background-color: #fdf6ec;
            color: #d35400;
        }
        /* ===== NESTED (2nd level +) SUB-MENU — fly out to the side ===== */
        
        #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children>.arrow-btn {
            position: absolute;
            top: 5px;
            right: 10px;
            transform: rotate(-90deg);
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .sub-menu {
            left: 100%;
        }
        /* keep parent highlighted while nested menu is open */
        
        #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>a {
            background-color: #fdf6ec;
            color: #d35400;
        }
        /* flip nested menus that would overflow the right edge */
        
        #menu-main-menu>li:nth-last-child(-n+2) .sub-menu .sub-menu {
            left: auto;
            right: 100%;
            border-left: none;
            border-right: 3px solid #d35400;
        }
        /* ===== HERO SLIDER ===== */
        
        .hero-slider {
            position: relative;
            background: #d9d9d9;
            overflow: hidden;
            width: 100%;
            height: 550px;
            /* 365 */
        }
        
        .slides {
            height: auto;
        }
        
        .hero-slider .slide {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            opacity: 0;
            visibility: hidden;
            transition: opacity 0.6s ease, visibility 0.6s;
            pointer-events: none;
        }
        
        .hero-slider .slide.active {
            opacity: 1;
            visibility: visible;
            pointer-events: auto;
        }
        
        .slide-video,
        .slide-image {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            object-fit: cover;
            background-size: cover;
            background-position: center;
            z-index: 0;
        }
        
        .slide:before {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            background-color: #000;
            opacity: .5;
            content: '';
            z-index: 100;
        }
        
        .hero-slider .slide .wrapper {
            position: absolute;
            height: 100%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translateX(-50%);
            z-index: 102;
        }
        
        .hero-left {
            position: absolute;
            top: 45%;
            transform: translateY(-50%);
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 455px;
        }
        
        .hero-left h2 {
            font-size: 2.8em;
            line-height: 1.2;
            margin-bottom: 1em;
        }
        
        .hero-left p {
            font-size: 1.7em;
        }
        
        .hero-number {
            font-size: 10em;
        }
        
        .hero-rock {
            max-width: 260px;
            margin-left: -20px;
        }
        
        .hero-right {
            border-left: none;
            padding-left: 0;
            border-top: 1px solid #aaa;
            padding-top: 24px;
        }
        
        .hero-right p {
            max-width: 100%;
        }
        
        @keyframes fadeIn {
            from {
                opacity: 0;
            }
            to {
                opacity: 1;
            }
        }
        
        .hero-number {
            font-size: 20.0em;
            font-weight: 300;
            color: #4a3520;
            line-height: 1;
            z-index: 1;
        }
        
        .hero-rock {
            max-width: 400px;
            margin-left: -30px;
            z-index: 2;
        }
        
        .hero-rock img {
            width: 100%;
            display: block;
        }
        
        .hero-right {
            flex: 1;
            border-left: 1px solid #aaa;
            padding-left: 40px;
        }
        
        .hero-right h2 {
            font-size: 2.4em;
            line-height: 1.2;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #4a3520;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        
        .hero-right p {
            color: #4a3520;
            margin-bottom: 30px;
            max-width: 440px;
        }
        
        .explore-link {
            display: block;
            color: #fff;
            font-weight: 500;
            font-size: 1.8em;
            transition: transform 0.2s ease;
        }
        
        .explore-link:hover {
            transform: translateY(-2px);
        }
        
        .hero-dots {
            position: absolute;
            bottom: 9%;
            width: 100%;
            z-index: 102;
        }
        
        .hero-dots>.wrapper {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            align-items: center;
        }
        
        .hero-dots .dot {
            display: block;
            width: 100%;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            border-radius: 50%;
            background: #ffffff;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s;
        }
        
        .hero-dots .dot.active {
            width: 40px;
            height: 4px;
            border-radius: 2px;
            background: #fff;
        }
        
        .hero-dots .dot {
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
            display: inline-block;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            background: #fff;
            overflow: hidden;
            cursor: pointer;
            margin-right: 6px;
            vertical-align: middle;
            transition: width 0.3s ease;
        }
        
        .hero-dots .dot.active {
            width: 48px;
        }
        
        .hero-dots .dot .dot-progress {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            height: 100%;
            width: 0%;
            background: #4a3520;
            border-radius: 2px;
            position: absolute;
            left: 0;
            top: 0;
            height: 100%;
            width: 0;
            transition: none !important;
            pointer-events: none;
        }
        /* ===== SECTION COMMON ===== */
        
        .section-head {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            margin: auto;
            margin-bottom: 2em;
        }
        
        .section-title {
            color: #d35400;
            font-size: 1.8em;
            letter-spacing: 2px;
            font-weight: 400;
        }
        
        .view-all {
            color: #4a3520;
            font-size: 1.4em;
            transition: transform 0.2s ease;
        }
        
        .view-all:hover {
            transform: translateX(2px);
        }
        
        section {
            padding: 5em 0;
        }
        /* ===== NEWS (upward/convex curved top) ===== */
        /* ===== NEWS ===== */
        
        .news {
            background-color: #fdf6ec;
            position: relative;
            z-index: 101;
        }
        /* convex-curve overlay sitting above the section */
        
        .news-curve {
            position: absolute;
            top: -58px;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 60px;
            z-index: 1;
            display: block;
        }
        
        .news .section-head,
        .news .news-grid {
            position: relative;
            z-index: 3;
        }
        
        .news-grid {
            display: flex;
            gap: 2%;
        }
        
        .news-card {
            width: 24%;
            height: 0;
            border-radius: 8px;
            position: relative;
            background-color: #fff;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding-bottom: 12%;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            overflow: hidden;
            /* keep blur + zoom inside rounded corners */
            transition: padding-bottom 0.4s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
            will-change: padding-bottom;
        }
        
        .news-card span {
            display: block;
        }
        
        .news-card-category {
            background-image: url(https://www.grm.cuhk.edu.hk/cab/icons/arrow-white.png);
            background-position: right;
            border-top: 1px solid #fff;
            padding-top: 10px;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-size: 12px;
        }
        /* Background image layer */
        
        .news-card-bg {
            position: absolute;
            inset: 0;
            /* top:0; right:0; bottom:0; left:0; */
            background-size: cover;
            background-position: center;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            transition: filter 0.4s ease, transform 0.4s ease;
        }
        /* Dark overlay */
        
        .news-card::after {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            inset: 0;
            background: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6));
            opacity: 0;
            transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
            z-index: 1;
        }
        /* Text content */
        
        .news-card-content {
            position: absolute;
            inset: 0;
            z-index: 2;
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            justify-content: space-between;
            padding: 15px;
            color: #fff;
            opacity: 0;
            transform: translateY(10px);
            transition: opacity 0.4s ease, transform 0.4s ease;
        }
        
        .news-card-meta {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        
        .news-card-title {
            position: absolute;
            bottom: 15px;
            font-size: 1.8em;
            font-weight: 600;
            line-height: 1.35;
            margin: 0;
            padding-right: 10px;
        }
        /* ---------- Hover state ---------- */
        
        .news-card:hover {
            width: 36%;
            box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
        }
        
        .news-card:hover .news-card-bg {
            filter: blur(5px);
            transform: scale(1.08);
            /* hides the blurred edge fringe */
        }
        
        .news-card:hover::after {
            opacity: 1;
        }
        
        .news-card:hover .news-card-content {
            opacity: 1;
            transform: translateY(0);
        }
        
        .news-card.card-event {
            width: 35%;
        }
        
        .news-card:not(:first-child)::before {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            bottom: 0;
            left: -14px;
            width: 2px;
            background-image: radial-gradient(circle, #d35400 1px, transparent 1px);
            background-size: 2px 8px;
            background-repeat: repeat-y;
            background-position: center top;
            transition: inherit;
        }
        
        .card-event {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4a4a4a, #2a2a2a);
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: flex-start;
            justify-content: space-between;
            background-image: url(images/home-event.jpg);
        }
        
        .card-event .top {
            display: flex;
            width: calc(100% - 30px);
            justify-content: space-between;
            font-size: 1.4em;
            padding-top: 6px;
            margin-top: 15px;
            margin: 15px;
            border-top: 1px solid #fff;
            color: #fff;
        }
        
        .card-event .bottom {
            position: absolute;
            width: calc(100% - 30px);
            font-size: 1.6em;
            font-weight: 600;
            margin: auto;
            bottom: 15px;
            left: 15px;
            color: #fff;
        }
        /* ===== PEOPLE ===== */
        
        .people {
            background-image: url(images/home-people-bg.jpg);
            background-size: cover;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
            min-height: 620px;
            padding-bottom: 0;
        }
        
        .people .section-head {
            position: relative;
            z-index: 10;
            margin-bottom: 8em;
        }
        
        .people-content {
            max-width: 55%;
            padding-bottom: 3%;
        }
        
        .people-role {
            color: #4a3520;
            font-size: 1.6em;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }
        
        .people-name {
            font-size: 6.6em;
            font-weight: 400;
            height: 100px;
            color: #4a3520;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        
        .research-int {
            font-size: 1.6em;
            color: #4a3520;
            font-weight: 400;
            border-bottom: 1px solid #4a3520;
            padding-bottom: 8px;
            margin-bottom: 16px;
        }
        
        .people-content li,
        .people-content p {
            font-size: 1.6em;
            color: #4a3520;
        }
        
        .people-content ul {
            list-style: none;
        }
        
        .people-content ul li {
            position: relative;
            padding-left: 20px;
            margin-bottom: 12px;
            color: #4a3520;
            font-weight: 400;
        }
        
        .people-content ul li:before {
            content: "+";
            position: absolute;
            left: 0;
            color: #666;
        }
        
        .people-photo {
            position: absolute;
            right: 10%;
            bottom: 0;
            width: 32%;
            height: 100%;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-position: center bottom;
            background-size: auto 95%;
            z-index: 1;
        }
        /* ===== RESEARCH GRID (revised to match design) ===== */
        
        .research-section {
            padding-top: 6em;
        }
        
        .people-content ul:has(li:nth-child(5)) {
            columns: 2;
            column-gap: 1rem;
        }
        
        .research-sidebar {
            width: 100%;
            display: flex;
            gap: 2%;
            margin-bottom: 3%;
        }
        
        .side-card {
            position: relative;
            border-radius: 8px;
            width: 100%;
            padding-bottom: 18%;
            overflow: hidden;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            color: #fff;
            font-size: 1.8em;
            font-weight: 500;
            background-size: cover;
            /* Card transform & shadow transition */
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }
        
        .side-card::before {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            inset: 0;
            /* Replaces top: 0; inset: 0; */
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
            /* Transition background-color instead of transform so it stays fixed */
            transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
        }
        /* Hover effects triggered by hovering over .side-card */
        
        .side-card:hover {
            transform: translateY(-4px);
            box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
        }
        
        .side-card:hover::before {
            background-color: rgba(211, 84, 0, 0.5);
        }
        
        .side-card span {
            position: absolute;
            width: 100%;
            top: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            z-index: 2;
            left: 50%;
            text-align: center;
        }
        
        .side-undergrad {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #8a9a6a, #5a6a4a);
        }
        
        .side-postgrad {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #d4a05a, #a06a3a);
        }
        
        .research-grid {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            width: 100%;
            gap: 3%;
        }
        
        .research-box {
            width: 48.5%;
            padding: 2em;
            border-top: 1px solid;
            border-left: 1px solid;
            position: relative;
            margin-bottom: 3%;
        }
        
        .rb-icon {
            background-size: contain;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-position: center;
            width: 5em;
            height: 5em;
        }
        /* thin gray divider under the top row boxes */
        
        .research-box.top-row {
            border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(2) {
            border-color: #7a2a8a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(3) {
            border-color: #e8631a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4) {
            border-color: #8a5a2a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(1) {
            border-color: #1a7a8a;
        }
        
        .research-box .rb-head {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            margin-bottom: 60px;
        }
        
        .research-box h3 {
            font-size: 3.4em;
            font-weight: 400;
            line-height: 1.1;
            margin: 0;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(2) h3,
        .purple,
        .research-box:nth-child(2) .explore-link {
            color: #7a2a8a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(3) h3,
        .orange,
        .research-box:nth-child(3) .explore-link {
            color: #e8631a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4) h3,
        .research-box:nth-child(4) .explore-link {
            color: #8a5a2a;
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(1) h3,
        .green,
        .research-box:nth-child(1) .explore-link {
            color: #1a7a8a;
        }
        
        .research-box p {
            font-size: 1.5em;
            color: #999;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            max-width: 97%;
        }
        
        .research-box .explore-link {
            font-size: 1.5em;
            font-weight: 400;
            transition: transform 0.2s ease;
        }
        
        .research-box .explore-link:hover {
            transform: translateX(2px);
        }
        
        .view-all span {
            display: inline-block;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }
        
        .research-box .explore-link:after,
        .view-all:after,
        .explore-link:after {
            display: inline-block;
            vertical-align: middle;
            content: '';
            width: 12px;
            height: 12px;
            margin-left: 8px;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-position: center;
            background-size: contain;
            z-index: 10;
        }
        
        .explore-link:after {
            background-image: url(https://www.grm.cuhk.edu.hk/cab/icons/arrow-white.png);
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4n+2) .explore-link:after,
        .purple.view-all:after {
            background-image: url(images/arrow-purple.png);
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4n+3) .explore-link:after,
        .orange.view-all:after {
            background-image: url(images/arrow-orange.png);
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4n+4) .explore-link:after,
        .brown.view-all:after {
            background-image: url(images/arrow-brown.png);
        }
        
        .research-box:nth-child(4n+1) .explore-link:after,
        .green.view-all:after {
            background-image: url(images/arrow-green.png);
        }
        /* ===== FIELD TRIP (downward/concave curved top) ===== */
        /* ===== FIELD TRIP ===== */
        
        .fieldtrip {
            background: #f5e6f2;
            padding: 70px 0 50px 0;
            position: relative;
            z-index: 2;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        /* uniform-thickness concave curve */
        
        .ft-curve {
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 55px;
            z-index: 1;
            display: block;
        }
        
        .fieldtrip .section-head,
        .fieldtrip .ft-dots {
            position: relative;
            z-index: 3;
        }
        
        .fieldtrip .section-title {
            color: #7a2a8a;
        }
        
        .fieldtrip-content {
            display: flex;
            gap: 24px;
            align-items: start;
            margin: auto;
            z-index: 3;
            overflow: hidden;
            margin-bottom: 120px;
        }
        
        .fieldtrip-text {
            width: 30%;
            font-size: 0.8854vw;
            color: #999999;
        }
        
        .ft-slider {
            position: absolute;
            right: -10%;
            width: 68%;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        
        .ft-track {
            display: flex;
            gap: 20px;
            transition: transform 0.5s ease;
        }
        
        .ft-img {
            position: relative;
            flex: 0 0 calc((100% - 50px) / 4);
            padding-bottom: 20.4%;
            border-radius: 12px;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-size: cover;
        }
        
        .ft-img::after {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            width: 20%;
            padding-bottom: 20%;
            background-size: contain;
            background-position: center;
            background-repeat: no-repeat;
            background-image: url(images/icon-zoom.png);
            opacity: 0;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            transition: opacity 0.3s;
        }
        
        .ft-img:hover::after {
            opacity: 1;
        }
        
        .ft-dots {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: flex-end;
            gap: 12px;
            margin-top: 24px;
        }
        
        .ft-dots .dot {
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            border-radius: 50%;
            background: #c9a0c0;
            cursor: pointer;
        }
        
        .ft-dots .dot.active {
            background: #7a2a8a;
        }
        /* ===== ALUMNI ===== */
        
        .alumni {
            display: flex;
            padding: 0;
        }
        
        .alumni-img {
            flex: 1;
            width: 50%;
            padding-bottom: 27%;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3a4a5a, #1a2a3a);
            background-size: cover;
        }
        
        .alumni-text {
            flex: 1;
            width: 50%;
            background: #fce8d8;
            padding: 60px 20px;
            text-align: center;
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
        }
        
        .alumni-text .label {
            letter-spacing: 2px;
            color: #4a3520;
            font-weight: 400;
            font-size: 2em;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            text-transform: uppercase;
        }
        
        .alumni-text h2 {
            font-size: 3.4em;
            font-weight: 300;
            color: #4a3520;
            margin-bottom: 36px;
            line-height: 1.4;
            max-width: 475px;
        }
        
        .alumni-btns {
            display: flex;
            gap: 16px;
            justify-content: center;
        }
        
        .btn {
            padding: 8px 20px;
            background: #e9ceb4;
            border: none;
            color: #4a3520;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-size: 1.4em;
            margin-left: 0%;
            /* Smooth transition for hover effects */
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
        }
        
        .btn:hover {
            background: #e8c8a8;
            transform: translateY(-3px);
            /* Lifts the button up by 3px */
            box-shadow: 0 8px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
        }
        /* ===== FOOTER ===== */
        
        footer {
            background: linear-gradient(rgba(210, 205, 198, 0.85), rgba(210, 205, 198, 0.85)), #c0b8ac;
            padding: 3em 0;
            background-image: url(images/footer-bg.jpg);
            background-size: cover;
            margin-top: -1px;
        }
        /* top-left */
        
        .footer-top,
        .footer-bottom {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
        }
        
        .footer-top {
            margin-bottom: 7%;
        }
        
        .footer-bottom {
            align-items: flex-end;
        }
        
        .footer-crest {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 12px;
            width: 50%;
        }
        
        .footer-logo img {
            max-width: auto;
            height: 64px;
        }
        
        .footer-crest .cn-name {
            font-size: 2.0em;
            color: #7a1a1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            margin-bottom: 4px;
        }
        
        .footer-crest .en-name {
            font-size: 1.3em;
            color: #7a1a1a;
        }
        /* top-right: heading + contact side by side */
        
        .footer-enquiry {
            display: flex;
            width: auto;
            align-items: start;
            gap: 40px;
        }
        
        .footer-enquiry h3 {
            font-size: 2.8em;
            font-weight: 300;
            color: #4a3520;
            margin: 0;
            white-space: nowrap;
        }
        
        .enquiry-info .email,
        .enquiry-info .phone {
            font-size: 2.8em;
            color: #4a3520;
            font-weight: 300;
        }
        
        .email:hover {
            color: #d35400;
        }
        /* bottom-left */
        
        .copyright {
            font-size: 1.2em;
            width: 50%;
            color: #4a3520;
            padding: 0;
            margin: 0;
        }
        /* bottom-right: aligns under General Enquiry (same grid column) */
        
        .footer-enquiry,
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container {
            width: 533px;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
            list-style: none;
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
            display: grid;
            grid-template-columns: repeat(3, max-content);
            column-gap: 40px;
            row-gap: 12px;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container li {
            color: #4a3520;
            font-size: 1em;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-container>ul>li:last-child {
            margin-bottom: 0;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container li {
            color: #4a3520;
            font-size: 1em;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container li a {
            font-size: 1.6em;
        }
        
        .menu-footer-menu-new-container a:hover {
            color: #d35400;
        }
        /* ===== MOBILE MENU (toggle button + overlay, hidden on desktop) ===== */
        
        .menu-toggle {
            display: none;
            position: relative;
            width: 32px;
            height: 24px;
            background: transparent;
            border: none;
            cursor: pointer;
            z-index: 1001;
            padding: 0;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle span {
            display: block;
            position: absolute;
            left: 0;
            width: 100%;
            height: 3px;
            background: var(--darkgrey);
            border-radius: 2px;
            transition: transform 0.3s, opacity 0.3s, top 0.3s;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle span:nth-child(1) {
            top: 0;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle span:nth-child(2) {
            top: 10px;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle span:nth-child(3) {
            top: 20px;
        }
        /* turn hamburger into "X" when menu is open */
        
        .menu-toggle.open {
            position: absolute;
            right: 20px;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle.open span:nth-child(1) {
            top: 10px;
            transform: rotate(45deg);
        }
        
        .menu-toggle.open span:nth-child(2) {
            opacity: 0;
        }
        
        .menu-toggle.open span:nth-child(3) {
            top: 10px;
            transform: rotate(-45deg);
        }
        /* dark overlay behind the menu */
        
        .menu-overlay {
            display: none;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45);
            opacity: 0;
            transition: opacity 0.3s;
            z-index: 998;
        }
        
        .menu-overlay.show {
            opacity: 1;
        }
        
        .main-menu-top {
            display: none;
        }
        
        @media (max-width:1920px) {
            .hero-slider {
                height: 500px;
            }
            .fieldtrip-text {
                width: 25%;
            }
            .ft-slider {
                width: 75%;
            }
        }
        /* ===== Desktop SMALL SCREEN — 1500px ===== */
        
        @media (max-width:1500px) {
            .header-logo {
                margin-right: 0;
            }
            .wrapper {
                width: 94%;
            }
            #menu-main-menu {
                gap: 20px;
            }
            #menu-main-menu li {
                font-size: 1.4em;
            }
            .header-logo img {
                height: 50px;
            }
            .fieldtrip-text {
                font-size: 1.5em;
            }
        }
        /* ===== TABLET / MOBILE — 1250px ===== */
        
        @media (max-width: 1250px) {
            /* ----- header ----- */
            .header-top {
                flex-direction: row;
                align-items: center;
                gap: 20px;
            }
            .cuhk-crest {
                width: 44px;
            }
            .dept-name {
                font-size: 1.2em;
            }
            .header-tools {
                flex-direction: row;
                align-items: center;
                gap: 16px;
            }
            .tools-row {
                gap: 10px;
            }
            .sub-menu {
                width: 185px;
            }
            /* ----- mobile menu ----- */
            .menu-toggle {
                display: block;
                top: unset;
                right: 0;
                transform: translate(0);
            }
            .menu-overlay {
                display: block;
                pointer-events: none;
            }
            .menu-overlay.show {
                pointer-events: auto;
            }
            /* off-canvas panel, slides in from the right */
            .main-menu-container {
                position: fixed;
                top: 0;
                right: 0;
                width: 80%;
                max-width: 320px;
                height: 100vh;
                height: 100dvh;
                background: #fff;
                box-shadow: -8px 0 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
                padding: 70px 0 30px 0;
                transform: translateX(100%);
                transition: transform 0.35s ease;
                overflow-y: auto;
                -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
                z-index: 999;
            }
            .main-menu-container.open {
                transform: translateX(0);
            }
            /* stack the menu vertically */
            #menu-main-menu {
                flex-direction: column;
                gap: 0;
            }
            #menu-main-menu li {
                font-size: 1em;
            }
            #menu-main-menu>li {
                font-size: 1.6em;
            }
            #menu-main-menu a {
                padding: 14px 20px;
                font-size: 1em;
            }
            /* arrow becomes a bigger tap target on the right */
            .arrow-btn {
                position: absolute;
                top: 3px;
                right: 0;
                width: 48px;
                height: 48px;
                margin: 0;
                display: flex;
                align-items: center;
                justify-content: center;
                font-size: 1.3em;
            }
            .menu-parent.open .arrow-btn {
                transform: rotate(180deg);
            }
            /* sub-menus become accordions instead of dropdowns */
            .sub-menu {
                position: static;
                min-width: 0;
                opacity: 1;
                visibility: visible;
                transform: none;
                box-shadow: none;
                border-top: none;
                background-color: #fdf6ec;
                padding: 0;
                display: none;
            }
            #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children.open>a {
                /*  border-bottom: 3px solid #d35400;*/
                background-color: #d35400;
                color: #fff;
            }
            #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children.open>.arrow-btn {
                color: #fff;
            }
            .menu-item-has-children.open>.sub-menu {
                display: block;
            }
            /* disable desktop hover behaviour on mobile */
            #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>a,
            .sub-menu a:hover {
                background-color: transparent;
            }
            #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>.arrow-btn {
                color: #d35400;
            }
            #menu-main-menu .menu-item-has-children:hover>.sub-menu {
                opacity: 1;
                visibility: visible;
                transform: none;
            }
            .sub-menu a {
                padding: 12px 20px;
                font-size: 14px;
            }
            /* nested sub-menus: indent instead of flying out */
            #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .sub-menu {
                left: auto;
                right: auto;
                border-right: none;
                background-color: #f3e9db;
            }
            /*
    #menu-main-menu>li:nth-last-child(-n+2) .sub-menu .sub-menu {
        border-right: none;
        border-left: 3px solid #d35400;
    }
        */
            #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children>.arrow-btn {
                position: absolute;
                top: 0;
                right: 0;
                transform: none;
            }
            #menu-main-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children.open>.arrow-btn {
                transform: rotate(180deg);
            }
            /* prevent body scroll while menu is open */
            body.menu-open {
                overflow: hidden;
            }
            /* ----- sections common ----- */
            section {
                padding: 4em 0;
            }
            .news-card:not(:first-child)::before {
                left: -4.6%;
            }
            /* ----- people ----- */
            .people {
                min-height: 0;
            }
            .people .section-head {
                margin-bottom: 3em;
            }
            .people-photo {
                position: absolute;
                right: 5%;
                bottom: 0;
                width: 37%;
            }
            .people-content {
                width: 70%;
                margin-bottom: 3.5em;
                padding-bottom: 3%;
            }
            .people-name {
                font-size: 4em;
                height: auto;
            }
            /* ----- research ----- */
            .research-section {
                padding-top: 4em;
            }
            .research-section>.wrapper {
                flex-direction: column;
                gap: 24px;
            }
            .research-sidebar {
                width: 100%;
                flex-direction: row;
                gap: 4%;
            }
            .side-card {
                width: 48%;
                padding-bottom: 26%;
            }
            .research-grid {
                width: 100%;
                gap: 24px 4%;
            }
            .research-box {
                width: 48%;
            }
            .research-box .rb-head {
                margin-bottom: 30px;
            }
            .research-box h3 {
                font-size: 2.6em;
            }
            .research-box.top-row {
                border-bottom: none;
            }
            /* ----- field trip ----- */
            .fieldtrip {
                padding: 60px 0 40px 0;
            }
            .fieldtrip-content {
                flex-direction: column;
                align-items: stretch;
            }
            .fieldtrip-text {
                width: 100%;
                margin-top: 0;
            }
            .ft-slider {
                position: relative;
                right: auto;
                width: 100%;
                margin-top: 24px;
            }
            .ft-img {
                flex: 0 0 calc((100% - 20px) / 2);
                padding-bottom: 32%;
            }
            .ft-dots {
                justify-content: center;
            }
            /* ----- alumni ----- */
            .alumni {
                flex-direction: column;
            }
            .alumni-img {
                width: 100%;
                padding-bottom: 54%;
            }
            .alumni-text {
                width: 100%;
                padding: 40px 24px;
            }
            .alumni-text h2 {
                font-size: 2.6em;
            }
            /* ----- footer ----- */
            footer {
                padding: 3em 20px;
            }
            .footer-top {
                margin-bottom: 40px;
            }
            .footer-crest,
            .footer-enquiry,
            .copyright,
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container {
                width: 100%;
            }
            .footer-enquiry {
                flex-direction: column;
                gap: 8px;
            }
            .footer-enquiry h3 {
                font-size: 2.2em;
                white-space: normal;
            }
            .enquiry-info .email,
            .enquiry-info .phone {
                font-size: 2em;
                overflow-wrap: break-word;
            }
            .footer-logo img {
                height: 65px;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
                grid-template-columns: repeat(2, max-content);
            }
            .news-card-title {
                font-size: 1.4em;
            }
        }
        
        @media (max-width: 1024px) {
            .hero-slider {
                height: 500px;
            }
            .news-card-title {
                font-size: 1.6em;
            }
            .people-photo {
                position: relative;
                right: unset;
                bottom: unset;
                width: 100%;
                height: 0;
                padding-bottom: 75%;
                background-position: center top;
                background-size: contain;
            }
            .people-content {
                width: 100%;
                max-width: 100%;
                margin-bottom: 0;
            }
            .footer-top {
                flex-direction: column;
                align-items: flex-start;
                gap: 30px;
            }
            .footer-bottom {
                flex-direction: column;
                align-items: flex-start;
                gap: 30px;
            }
            .copyright {
                order: 2;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
                grid-template-columns: repeat(3, max-content);
            }
            .news-grid {
                flex-wrap: wrap;
                gap: 2%;
                margin: auto;
            }
            .news-card,
            .news-card.card-event {
                width: 48%;
                padding-bottom: 26.2%;
                margin-bottom: 2%;
            }
            .news-card:hover {
                width: 48%;
            }
            /* dotted divider becomes horizontal between stacked cards */
            .news-card:not(:first-child)::before {
                top: -15px;
                bottom: auto;
                left: 0;
                width: 100%;
                height: 2px;
                background-size: 8px 2px;
                background-repeat: repeat-x;
                background-position: left center;
            }
        }
        
        @media (max-width: 768px) {
            body.menu-open .main-menu-top {
                display: flex;
                align-items: center;
                gap: 10px;
            }
            .fontsize-switcher-desktop,
            .language-switcher-desktop,
            .search-box-desktop {
                display: none;
            }
            .language-switcher,
            .fontsize-switcher {
                margin-left: 0;
            }
            .language-switcher li:last-child {
                padding-left: 10px;
                margin-left: 10px;
                border-left: 1px solid #999;
            }
            .language-switcher li:after {
                display: none;
            }
            .search-btn {
                display: block;
                width: 2em;
                height: 2em;
                background-image: url(https://www.grm.cuhk.edu.hk/cab/icons/search-icon-orange.png);
                background-repeat: no-repeat;
                background-size: contain;
                background-position: center;
                margin-left: 5px;
            }
            .hero-left {
                font-size: 80%;
                width: 92%;
            }
            .news-curve {
                top: -66px;
                height: 67px;
            }
            .hero-dots {
                bottom: 12%;
            }
            .news {
                margin-top: -5px;
            }
            .hero-slider {
                height: 345px;
            }
        }
        /* ===== SMALL PHONES — 600px ===== */
        
        @media (max-width: 600px) {
            /* header stacks fully */
            .header-top {
                flex-wrap: wrap;
            }
            .logo-group {
                gap: 12px;
            }
            .dept-name .cn {
                font-size: 1.1em;
            }
            /* hero */
            .hero-number {
                font-size: 7em;
            }
            .hero-rock {
                max-width: 180px;
            }
            .hero-right h2 {
                font-size: 2em;
            }
            /* sections */
            section {
                padding: 3em 0;
            }
            .section-title {
                font-size: 1.6em;
            }
            /* people */
            .people-name {
                font-size: 3em;
            }
            /* research: everything full width */
            .research-sidebar {
                flex-direction: column;
                gap: 16px;
            }
            .side-card {
                width: 100%;
                padding-bottom: 36%;
            }
            .research-grid {
                gap: 24px 0;
            }
            .research-box {
                width: 100%;
                padding: 1.6em;
            }
            .research-box p {
                max-width: 100%;
            }
            /* field trip: one image per view */
            .ft-img {
                flex: 0 0 100%;
                padding-bottom: 60%;
            }
            /* alumni */
            .alumni-text h2 {
                font-size: 2.2em;
            }
            .alumni-btns {
                flex-direction: column;
                width: 100%;
            }
            .btn {
                width: 100%;
            }
            /* footer menu: single column */
            .footer-logo img {
                height: 50px;
            }
            .footer-enquiry h3,
            .enquiry-info .email,
            .enquiry-info .phone {
                font-size: 1.8em;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
                column-gap: 20px;
                row-gap: 2px;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container li a {
                font-size: 1.5em;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
                grid-template-columns: repeat(2, max-content);
            }
            .news-grid {
                max-width: 350px;
                margin: auto;
            }
            .news-card,
            .news-card.card-event {
                width: 100%;
                padding-bottom: 52.4%;
                margin-bottom: 2%;
            }
            .news-card:hover {
                width: 100%;
            }
            .people-content ul:has(li:nth-child(5)) {
                columns: unset;
            }
            .research-box {
                margin-bottom: 0;
            }
        }
        
        @media (max-width: 450px) {
            .header-logo img {
                height: 40px;
            }
            .menu-footer-menu-new-container ul {
                grid-template-columns: repeat(1, max-content);
            }
            .hero-slider {
                height: 300px;
            }
            .hero-dots {
                bottom: 42px;
            }
        }
        
        @media (max-width: 330px) {
            .header-logo img {
                height: 36px;
            }
        }
        
        .people-slider {}
        
        .people-slide {
            display: none;
            opacity: 0;
            transition: opacity 0.8s ease-in-out;
        }
        
        .people-slide.active {
            display: flex;
            /* or block, depending on your original layout */
            opacity: 1;
            animation: fadeIn 0.8s ease-in-out;
        }
        
        @keyframes fadeIn {
            from {
                opacity: 0;
            }
            to {
                opacity: 1;
            }
        }
        
        #menu-main-menu li li.menu-item-has-children:hover>.sub-menu {
            top: 0;
        }
        
        .content,
        .single-profile .content,
        .single-profile .purple-bg .content,  
        body.field-trip .breadcrumbs-container {
            background-color: #fdf6ec;
        }
        
        .orange-bg .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-latest-news .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-news .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-awards .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-seminars .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-conference-and-workshop .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-field-trips .news-curve-bg {
            fill: #ffcd80;
        }
        
        .page-template-default .news-curve-bg,
        .purple-bg .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-people .news-curve-bg,
        .page-template-page-faculty .news-curve-bg {
            fill: #c4b0bb;
        }
        
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message .news-curve-bg,
        .single-profile .news-curve-bg {
            fill: #dbe2eb;
        }
        
        .page-template-default .content,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message .content,
        .people-block.style-blue .fm-orange-block,
        .people-block.style-blue .fm-orange-block:after {
            background-color: #cab9c3;
        }
        
        .page-template-default .content {
            background-color: #c4b0bb;
        }
        
        .people-block.style-blue .fm-yellow-block {
            background-color: #fff;
        }
        
        .page-template-default p,
        .page-template-default h2,
        .page-template-default h3,
        .page-template-default h4,
        .page-template-default h5,
        .page-template-default h6,
        .page-template-default a,
        .page-template-default li,
        .page-template-default th,
        .page-template-default td,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message p,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message h2,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message h3,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message h4,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message h5,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message h6,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message a,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message li,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message th,
        .page-template-page-chairperson-message td,
        .fm-orange-block p,
        .fm-orange-block h2,
        .fm-orange-block h3,
        .fm-orange-block h4,
        .fm-orange-block h5,
        .fm-orange-block h6,
        .fm-orange-block a,
        .fm-orange-block li,
        .fm-orange-block th,
        .fm-orange-block td {
            color: #483c61;
        }
        
        .fm-orange-block h2 {
            border-top: 1px solid #483c61;
        }